Table 4. Volatile organic compounds of purified horse oil by supercritical fluid extraction and three deodorants (A.U. ×10⁶)

Volatile organic compounds	Flavor profile¹⁾	m/z	LRI	CON	ACHO	PACHO	ZHO	SEM
Alcohols
(S)-(+)-3-Methyl-1-pentanol	Cocoa, cognac, fruity, fusel, green	56.1	783	0.80	0.81	0.80	0.60	0.188
1-Heptanol	Leafy, coconut, herbal, peony, strawberry, chemical, musty, sweet, woody, violet, green	70	957	0.53	0.68	0.71	0.51	0.199
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-	Citrus, fresh, floral, oily, sweet, fatty, fruity	57	1,029	13.09^a	13.03^a	11.60^a	1.67^b	0.434
1-Octen-3-ol	Raw, fishy, oily, earthy, fungal, chicken, mushroom, green	57	968	7.15	9.02	8.54	5.13	0.998
1-Pentanol, 4-methyl-2-propyl-	NA	71	1,100	0.00^b	2.16^a	0.00^b	1.57^ab	0.445
3-Octen-2-ol, (E)-	Creamy, melon rind, mushroom, waxy	81	988	19.95^a	19.48^a	21.18^a	4.68^b	1.338
Benzenemethanol, alpha,alpha-dimethyl-	NA	121.1	1,089	0.00	0.13	0.00	0.10	0.030
Ethanol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-	Faint butyl, mild ether	57.1	1,190	0.00^c	0.41^a	0.23^ab	0.16^bc	0.043
Ethanol,2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-, acetate	Mild, not unpleasant	87.1	1,370	0.00^b	0.28^a	0.11^b	0.13^ab	0.036
p-Menth-4(8)-en-9-ol	NA	136	1,283	0.00^b	0.13^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.004
Sub total				41.53^a	46.13^a	43.17^a	14.56^b	1.696
Aldehydes
2,4-Decadienal, (E,E)-	Fried, wax, fat	81.1	1,320	0.43	0.23	0.16	0.31	0.146
2,4-Decadienal, (E,Z)-	Fat, fatty, fried, geranium, green, wax	81.1	1,297	0.34	0.20	0.17	0.26	0.107
2,4-Heptadienal, (E,E)-	Cinnamon, hazelnut	81	1,005	14.18^a	15.02^a	14.18^a	3.38^b	1.372
2,4-Nonadienal, (E,E)-	NA	81	1,214	1.12^a	1.17^a	1.22^a	0.19^b	0.103
2-Decenal, (E)-	Orange, coriander, rose, tallow, waxy, oily, fatty, earthy, floral, aldehydic, mushroom, green	70.1	1,265	0.21	0.15	0.16	0.14	0.049
2-Nonenal, (E)-	Aldehydic, citrus, cucumber, fat, fatty, green, paper	70.1	1,163	0.40	0.48	0.37	0.45	0.116
2-Octenal, (E)-	Green, nut, fat	83	1,049	2.42^a	2.32^a	2.53^a	0.40^b	0.105
4-Nonenal, (E)-	Fruity	69.1	1,103	0.00	0.26	0.41	0.30	0.103
4-Oxohex-2-enal	NA	83	944	0.00^b	0.81^a	0.67^a	0.00^b	0.032
5-Ethylcyclopent-1-enecarboxaldehyde	NA	67	1,028	1.57	1.56	1.48	1.59	0.311
Benzaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-	Almond, cherry, naphthyl, spice, vanilla	57	1,178	0.00^b	0.09^a	0.08^a	0.00^b	0.009
Benzaldehyde, 3,4-dimethyl-	NA	133	1,228	0.05	0.04	0.00	0.01	0.013
Benzaldehyde, 4-ethoxy-	Sweet, spicy, floral, anisic	121	1,324	0.09	0.14	0.14	0.18	0.054
Benzeneacetaldehyde	Hawthorn, honey, sweet	91.1	1,043	0.27	0.27	0.19	0.19	0.069
Decanal	Soap, orange peel, tallow	57	1,206	0.24^a	0.16^b	0.2^ab	0.02^c	0.013
Hexanal, 5-methyl-	NA	70	845	9.18^a	8.54^a	9.17^a	1.07^b	0.440
Nonanal	Citrus, lime, orange peel, rose, fat, green, fishy, waxy, fresh, fatty, peely, aldehydic, orris, grapefruit	57.1	1,110	4.15^a	4.75^a	4.23^a	0.51^b	0.238
Octanal	Lemon, citrus, soap, orange peel, fat, waxy, fatty, aldehydic, green	57	997	2.78^a	3.25^a	3.08^a	0.73^b	0.131
Propanal, 2,2-dimethyl-	NA	57.1	554	14.10	0.00	19.15	14.10	5.078
Sub total				51.53^a	39.45^ab	57.58^a	23.83^b	5.788
Esters
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methylpropyl) ester	Slight ester	149	1,872	0.98^a	0.77^a	0.75^a	0.00^b	0.103
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3 pentanediol diisobutyrate	NA	71.1	1,600	5.19^a	1.91^ab	0.84^b	0.30^b	0.767
2-Ethylhexyl salicylate	Slight floral	120	1,808	0.00^b	0.09^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.011
2-Ethylhexyl trans-4 methoxycinnamate	NA	178	2,321	0.22	0.23	0.08	0.40	0.202
Arsenous acid, tris (trimethylsilyl) ester	NA	207	698	65.62	43.74	66.5	41.49	9.653
Benzoyl isothiocyanate	NA	105	604	0.51^a	0.37^a	0.41^a	0.00^b	0.058
Borinic acid, diethyl-, methyl ester	NA	43	549	3.12	7.75	2.37	0.00	3.201
Butyl isocyanatoacetate	NA	57	554	0.00	9.41	13.34	1.74	4.096
Dibutyl phthalate	Faint	149	1,965	2.42^a	1.85^ab	1.33^b	0.29^c	0.176
Diphosphoric acid, diisooctyl ester	NA	83	933	9.54^a	11.37^a	10.92^a	3.61^b	1.058
Hydrogen isocyanate	NA	43	537	1.50^a	1.31^ab	1.11^ab	0.50^b	0.204
Methyl propionate	Sweet, fruity, rum-like	57.1	630	8.00^ab	12.84^a	6.49^ab	0.00^b	2.708
Methyl salicylate	Mint, wintergreen, peppermint	120	1,194	0.73	0.53	0.57	0.43	0.109
Oxalic acid, isohexyl neopentyl ester	NA	57	1,503	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.09^a	0.00^b	0.004
Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3-hydroxy-2,2,4- trimethylpentyl ester	NA	71	1,355	5.95^a	6.35^a	1.85^b	0.08^b	0.610
Sub total				103.78^ab	98.50^ab	106.65^a	48.84^b	12.335
Furans
Furan, 2,5-dihydro-	NA	70.1	567	9.44^a	9.50^a	8.96^a	3.92^b	0.048
Furan, 2-methoxy-	NA	83.1	727	0.00^b	0.18^a	0.21^a	0.00^b	1.087
Furan, 2-pentyl-	Green bean, butter	81.1	982	4.98	5.23	5.21	3.37	0.012
cis-2-(2-Pentenyl) furan	NA	136.1	995	0.00	0.21	0.19	0.15	0.049
Sub total				14.41^a	15.11^a	14.57^a	7.44^b	1.163
Hydrocarbons
1,6-Heptadien-3-yne, 5-methyl-	NA	91.1	756	1.31^ab	0.00^b	1.82^a	0.00^b	0.332
1-Isopropylcyclohex-1-ene	NA	81.1	918	0.2^ab	0.30^a	0.29^a	0.00^b	0.055
1-Pentene, 3-methyl-	NA	56.1	561	3.21	2.74	4.32	1.23	1.067
2,6,10-Trimethyltridecane	NA	57	1,465	0.00^b	0.08^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.001
2-Methyl-1-hepten-3-yne	NA	79.1	799	0.04	0.07	0.05	0.00	0.016
3,4-Heptadiene	NA	81	858	5.66^a	4.37^ab	5.97^a	1.40^b	0.735
3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-heptene	NA	69	1,103	0.00^b	0.38^a	0.00^b	0.03^b	0.011
3-Hexene, 2,2-dimethyl-	NA	83	735	0.00^b	0.15^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.007
7-Oxabicyclo [4.1.0]heptane	NA	69.1	745	1.46	1.14	1.49	1.01	0.272
Benzene,1,2,4-trimethyl-	Cauliflower, sweet cherry, black walnut, corn	105	980	0.41	0.61	0.58	0.28	0.125
Benzene,1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-	NA	175.2	1,258	0.91^a	0.37^b	0.48^ab	0.40^b	0.094
Benzene,1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-	Blackcurrant, sweet basil	119	1,021	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.43	0.150
Benzene, 1-methyl-4-propyl-	NA	105.1	1,052	0.16	0.20	0.00	0.16	0.062
Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene,4- methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-	NA	93	954	0.23	0.32	0.20	0.21	0.098
Borane, diethyl(decyloxy)-	NA	85.1	1,267	0.18^a	0.11^ab	0.07^b	0.10^ab	0.021
Butane, 2-azido-2,3,3-trimethyl-	NA	57	627	1.58	0.00	1.97	1.47	0.548
Cyclohexane, azido-	NA	55	612	9.35	8.59	8.57	6.36	1.589
Cyclohexene, 3-(1-methylethyl)-	NA	81	919	0.00^b	0.34^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.002
Cyclopentene, 1-ethenyl-3-methylene-	NA	91.1	820	0.00	0.74	0.59	0.52	0.205
Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl-	NA	281.1	1,002	108.93^ab	110.84^ab	113.48^a	37.86^b	16.314
Decane	Alkane	57	994	8.11	5.98	6.13	4.18	0.925
Decane, 2,3,5-trimethyl-	NA	57	1,399	0.00^c	0.00^c	0.10^a	0.03^b	0.004
Decane, 2,4-dimethyl-	NA	57.1	1,106	0.32^a	0.18^ab	0.21^ab	0.12^b	0.036
Decane, 3-methyl-	NA	57.1	1,057	0.21^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.005
D-Limonene	Mint, lemon, citrus, orange, fresh, sweet	68	1,024	0.77^a	0.82^a	0.78^a	0.21^b	0.051
Dodecane	Alkane	57	1,199	1.57^a	1.45^a	1.50^a	0.19^b	0.072
Dodecane, 4,6-dimethyl-	NA	71.1	1,330	0.09^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.003
Ethane, isocyanato-	NA	71	585	0.85^b	0.00^b	3.87^a	0.00^b	0.255
Guanidine	NA	43.1	868	0.00^b	0.22^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.001
Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-	NA	57	977	9.05^a	8.61^ab	8.05^ab	4.65^b	0.960
Hexane, 1,1-diethoxy-	Cognac, pear, floral, hyacinth, apple, fruity	103	1,102	0.09	0.06	0.06	0.00	0.020
Hexane, 3-ethyl-	NA	43.1	766	5.55^a	2.42^bc	3.41^b	1.15^c	0.331
Hexane, 3-ethyl-2-methyl-	NA	57.1	842	0.23	0.15	0.31	0.00	0.071
Methane, dichloronitro-	NA	83.1	559	4.77	3.55	4.60	2.57	0.927
Methane, isocyanato-	Cabbage, horseradish	57.1	580	6.48^a	0.36^ab	0.15^b	1.62^ab	1.393
Methane-d, trichloro-	NA	84	545	0.06	0.05	0.08	0.08	0.022
Naphthalene	Dry, pungent, tarry, tar	128	1,181	0.07^ab	0.14^a	0.11^a	0.00^b	0.019
Nonane, 2,5-dimethyl-	NA	57	1,011	1.33^a	0.60^b	0.69^ab	0.68^ab	0.160
Nonane, 2,6-dimethyl-	NA	71.1	1,021	2.28	1.15	1.23	1.17	0.262
Octane, 2,4,6-trimethyl-	NA	57	963	1.01	0.50	0.61	0.57	0.121
o-Cymene	NA	119	1,020	0.66^a	0.67^a	0.58^a	0.00^b	0.024
Pentadecane	Alkane	57.1	1,503	0.00^c	0.13^ab	0.15^a	0.05^bc	0.019
Pentane, 2,3-dimethyl-	Gasoline	56.1	663	177.17^a	175.05^a	193.31^a	15.91^b	5.594
Tetradecane	Alkane, mild, waxy	57.1	1,400	0.14^a	0.16^a	0.12^a	0.00^b	0.011
Tridecane	Alkane	71	1,284	0.21	0.20	0.19	0.17	0.045
Undecane	Alkane	57	1,106	0.32^a	0.21^b	0.22^b	0.00^c	0.020
Undecane, 2,6-dimethyl-	NA	57	1,215	0.28^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.002
Undecane, 2,8-dimethyl-	Alkane	71	1,223	0.08^a	0.05^b	0.06^ab	0.00^c	0.006
Undecane, 3,6-dimethyl-	Alkane	57	1,215	0.00^b	0.15^a	0.11^ab	0.00^b	0.028
Undecane, 3-methyl-	NA	57	1,173	0.12^a	0.00^b	0.11^a	0.00^b	0.010
Undecane, 5-methyl-	NA	57.1	1,160	0.12^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.013
Sub total				355.56^a	334.20^a	366.62^a	84.8^b	16.558
Ketones
2,3-Butanedione	Butter, caramel, oily, creamy, sweet, pungent, strong	43.1	581	0.00^b	1.29^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.271
2-Octanone	Soap, gasoline	58.1	983	0.28^a	0.26^ab	0.2^ab	0.08^b	0.480
3,5-Octadien-2-one	Fat, fruity, mushroom	95.1	1,098	5.27^a	6.10^a	5.68^a	0.97^b	0.386
3,5-Octadien-2-one, (E,E)-	Fruity, grassy, green	95.1	1,075	9.02^a	9.62^a	9.27^a	1.72^b	0.379
3-Heptanone, 2-methyl-	Fruity, green, leafy	43	890	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.57^a	0.21^b	0.056
3-Hexanone, 2-methyl-	Fruity	71.1	788	0.38^a	0.33^ab	0.35^ab	0.14^b	0.042
3-Octen-2-one	Crushed bug, nut, herbal, earthy, hay, sweet, blueberry, mushroom, spicy	55	1,040	0.98^a	1.09^a	1.14^a	0.20^b	0.060
N,N'-Bis(2,6-dimethyl-6- nitrosohept-2-en-4-one)	NA	83.1	612	1.48	2.54	1.28	0.61	0.423
Sub total				17.41^a	21.24^a	18.49^a	3.93^b	1.937
Others
1H-1,2,3,4-Tetrazol-5-amine, 1-methyl-	NA	57	628	0.00^b	1.36^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.028
1H-Imidazol-2-amine	NA	83	1,036	1.60^ab	0.00^b	2.27^a	0.00^b	0.455
1H-Tetrazol-5-amine	NA	43	572	0.73	0.84	0.81	0.30	0.481
4-Pyridinecarboxamide	NA	122	1,388	0.00	0.00	0.06	0.00	0.014
5-Amino-2-methyl-2H-tetrazole	NA	43.1	836	1.18	1.18	1.22	0.81	0.256
5H-Tetrazol-5-amine	NA	57	1,064	0.00^b	1.11^ab	1.75^a	0.05^b	0.373
Aluminum, triethyl-	NA	57	818	1.15^ab	1.68^a	1.89^a	0.14^b	0.300
Benzothiazole	Rubber, vegetable, gasoline, sulfury, meat, rubbery, coffee, nutty, cooked	135	1,222	0.14	0.11	0.16	0.12	0.049
Camphor	Bitter, herbal, medicainal, minty, phenolic, woody	95.1	1,147	0.12	0.11	0.11	0.08	0.025
Caprolactone oxime, (NB)-O-[(diethylboryloxy) (ethyl)boryl]-	NA	76.7	707	0.00^b	3.65^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.805
Diethylcyanamide	NA	55.1	911	0.00^b	0.12^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.021
Dimethylphosphinic fluoride	NA	81.1	586	8.25	6.49	7.43	6.19	0.986
Formamide, N,N-dibutyl-	Odorless	72.1	1,307	0.23	0.27	0.16	0.21	0.053
Formamide, N,N-diethyl-	NA	101.1	907	0.63	0.85	0.76	0.43	0.143
n-Butyl ether	Ethereal	57	854	0.00^b	1.56^a	1.43^a	0.98^ab	0.269
n-Hexadecanoic acid	Fatty, slightly waxy	73	1,959	0.31	0.07	0.15	0.07	0.090
Phosphoramidous difluoride	NA	85.1	682	0.33	0.22	0.41	0.00	0.107
sec-Butylamine	Ammonia, fishy	44.1	584	16.05^a	14.78^a	15.97^a	0.00^b	0.358
Triisobutyl phosphate	NA	99.1	1,523	0.35^a	0.2^ab	0.00^b	0.05^b	0.053
Trimethylene oxide	NA	58	542	52.82	42.31	41.64	32.93	6.607
Sub total				31.07^a	34.60^a	34.58^a	9.43^b	1.937
Total				615.29^a	589.23^a	641.66^a	192.83^b	25.562

Flavor profile of horse oil volatile organic compounds analyzed using FlavorDB (https://cosylab.iiitd.edu.in/flavordb/), FooDB (www.foodb.ca/), and Flavornet (http://www.flavornet.org).
Mean values within the same rows with the different superscripts are significantly different among treatments (p<0.05).
NA, not available; No aroma/flavor description found for the volatile organic compounds.
LRI, linear retention index; CON, supercritical fluid extracted HO without deodorant; ACHO, supercritical fluid extracted HO purified with activated carbon; PACHO, supercritical fluid extracted HO purified with palm activated carbon; ZHO, supercritical fluid extracted HO purified with zeolite; HO, horse oil.