Table 4. Summary of published data for microbial reduction of milk by intense pulsed light treatment

Food product	Microorganism	Treatment condition	Reductions (Log)	Reference
Goat milk	Escherichia coli	10,000 mJ cm–2	6	Kasahara et al. (2015)
Milk	Staphylococcus aureus	Distance 5, 8, 11 cm 20, 30, 40 mL/min	0.55–7.26	Krishnamurthy et al. (2007)
Milk, milk foam	S. aureus	Distance milk: 8, 10.5, 13 cm Milk foam: 5, 8, 11 cm	0.16–8.55	Krishnamurthy et al. (2008)
Milk	Total microbial count	0.26–26.25 J/cm2	Maximum 3.2	Innocente et al. (2014)
Milk, concentrated milk	E. coli	2.14–14.85 J/cm2	Concentrated milk: 0.03–2.05 Milk: (static) 0.35 (Shaking) 3.36	Miller et al. (2012)
Milk	E. coli Listeria innocua	7, 14, 28 J/cm2	E. coli: 0.61–1.06 L. innocua: 0.51–0.84	Palgan et al. (2011)
Non-fat dry milk	Cronobacter sakazakii Enterrococcus faecium	29.36 J/cm2, 1–4 passes	C. sakazakii: 5.27 E. faecium: 3.67	Chen et al. (2019)
Infant powder milk	Listeria monocytogenes	15 kV, 10 Hz, 1.5 μs, 0–900 s	3	Choi et al. (2010)
Infant powder milk	Enterobacter sakazakii	15 kV, 10 Hz, 0–12 msec	1.5	Choi et al. (2009)